McArthur Mark 5 forest fire danger index
Description
The Mark 5 forest fire danger index (\(FFDI\)) was developed by McArthur (1967) in order to assess fire danger and behavior in eucalypt forest fuel types and has been widely used in Eastern Australia (Noble et al. 1980, Sharples et al. 2009a). The \(FFDI\) requires temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and a fuel availability index (i.e. a drought factor) measured at 15:00 as input variables (Matthews 2009).
The drought factor is obtained based on soil moisture deficit (calculated using the
\(KBDI\)), time since last rain and rainfall amount. It ranges from 1 to 10, with a value of 10 indicating that a maximal amount of fuel is available for combustion (Matthews 2009, Sharples et al. 2009a).
Formula
The \(FFDI\) is defined as follows:
\[FFDI=2\cdot e^{-0.45+0.987\cdot{ln (DF)}-0.0345\cdot{H_{15}}+0.0338\cdot{T_{15}}+0.0234\cdot{U_{15}}}\]
where\(H_{15}\) s relative air humidity [%], \(T_{15}\) air temperature [°C], \(U_{15}\) windspeed [km/h] and \(DF\) a drought factor expressed as a function of the
\(KBDI_{SI}\) (NB: in millimeters) and defined as follows (Noble et al. 1980):
\[DF= min \Bigg[10,\dfrac{0.191\cdot{(KBDI_{SI}+104)}\cdot{(w+1)^{1.5}}}{3.52\cdot(w+1)^{1.5}+P-1}\Bigg]\]
where \(w\) is the number of days since last rain and \(P\) the last precipitation amount [mm] (measured over the entire period of rainfall).
Griffith (1999) improved the calculation of the drought factor (\(DF\)) with following formulation (in Finkele et al. 2006):
\[DF= min \Bigg[10, 10.5 \cdot \bigg( 1 - e^{-\frac{KDBI_{SI}+30}{40}}\bigg) \cdot \dfrac{41x^2 + x}{40x^2+x+1}\Bigg]\]
where \(x\) is
\[x= \begin{cases} \dfrac{w^{1.3}}{w^{1.3}+P-2} & \text{if } w \geqslant 1 \text{ and } P > 2 \text{ mm}\\ \dfrac{0.8^{1.3}}{0.8^{1.3}+P-2} & \text{if } w =0 \text{ and } P > 2 \text{ mm}\\ 1 & \text{if } P < 2 \text{ mm}\\ \end{cases} \]
where \(w\) is the event age (defined as the number of days since the day with the largest daily rainfall amount within the rain event, Finkele 2006 referring to Sullivan 2001) and \(P\) is the rainfall event amount in mm (sum of rainfall within the event).
The rainfall event is defined as consecutive days with rainfall amount above 2 mm.
The calculation of \(w\) and \(P\) only the past 20 days' rainfall is considered.
Based on the experiences in operational use, the Bureau of Meteorology further improved this Griffith formulation, proposing following limitation of \(x\) (Finkele et al. 2006):
\[x_{lim}= \begin{cases} \dfrac{1}{1+0.1135 \cdot KBDI_{SI}} & \text{if } KBDI_{SI} < 20 \\ \dfrac{75}{270.525 - 1.267 \cdot KBDI_{SI}} & \text{if } KBDI_{SI} \geqslant 20\\ \end{cases} \]
The \(FFDI\) is supposed to be calculated on a daily basis. The meteorological data used for its calculation have to be recorded at 3 pm (Matthews 2009).
No particular values or conditions are stipulated for starting the \(FFDI\) calculation.
Index interpretation
Fire agencies to simplify the interpretation of the \(FFDI\) generally give following interpretation (Lucas 2005):
| FFDI range | Fire danger class |
|---|---|
| 0 - 5 | low |
| 5-12 | moderate |
| 12-25 | high |
| 25-50 | very high |
| > 50 | extreme |
References
Original publication:
McArthur (1967)
Other publications:
Noble et al. (1980)
Griffith (1999)
Lucas (2005)
Matthews (2009)
Sharples et al. (2009a)